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Bioethics, Family, and Summer School: Part 6 – The Final Day and the “good enough” family

Posted on September 7, 2017 by Ben KenoferSeptember 7, 2017

Editor’s Note: This is part of a series of short blog posts about the bioethics summer school in Groningen, the Netherlands, which is focused on the role of family in the delivery and consumption of health care. Look for others in this series for about the author and the program itself.

We continued with faculty presentations and ensuing discussions for the first half of our final day at the summer school. For the second half of the day, however, my fellow students and I were divided into small groups of about five people, and our groups were given two questions to discuss amongst ourselves in preparation for a final class-wide discussion session.

For the first question, our group was asked to reflect upon what we have discussed this week (and perhaps what we have not discussed), and from that basis, to come up with some remaining challenges that those working in family ethics might need to resolve. The goal was for our group to arrive at some consensus that we could then share with the class. One of the points that we talked about within my group, and that we ultimately shared when all the students and faculty reconvened, centered on theorists further working out the relationship between family ethics and care ethics (some in the group were also interested in exploring the relationship between family ethics and virtue ethics). There were sometimes references made to care ethics or virtue ethics within the literature we read, but because several of the students came from non-philosophy backgrounds, most of my group members were not very familiar with these approaches. I was able to provide some brief overview, but when it came to care ethics, I too was unsure exactly how to conceptualize its relation to family ethics.

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Only 2 clinics remain in the US to perform late-pregnancy abortion

Posted on September 7, 2017 by EditorSeptember 7, 2017

For some time now, there have only been 3 clinics in the United States that will perform late abortions (to read more about some late abortions, see this IJFAB blog entry on the topic).

One of these, the Germantown Clinic in Maryland, has permanently closed, bought out by an anti-abortion group.

Now, there are only 2 such clinics.
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The twist, here, is that the Germantown Clinic physician Dr. Leroy Carhart reportedly plans to take the money and use it to open another clinic which will include a facility to train physicians in how to perform these procedures, long a plan Carhart has made to take strides to make late abortions more widely available.

Informed Decision-making on Contraception Might Need These Charts Comparing Different Methods

Posted on September 5, 2017 by EditorSeptember 5, 2017

Over in the New York Times, Gregor Aisch and Bill Marsh have an explainer with superb infographics on the comparative effectiveness of various contraceptive methods with respect to unplanned pregnancy. The graphs compare actual with ideal use, and have a slider so that you can see how they do at each year of use. It’s pretty clear which methods are best over 10 years: IUDs, implants, and sterilization (not pictured, below). These, of course, have costs. icks.org levitra from india He admitted his transgressions, promised to do and be better. Some years ago people typically associated liver problems with drinking too icks.org purchase generic levitra much and sclerosis. It is cialis levitra advised that men who suffer from erectile dysfunction today. Also called “impotence,” erectile dysfunction is a serious disease that can cause the break of relationship between the two hearts. cheap canadian viagra So other methods that are less effective may still be better for some patients. Only the patient can decide that for themselves.

This composite image illustrates the kinds of comparison graphs you will find if you click through to the NY Times article. Unfortunately, the data do not appear to be available in a non-visual format.

Police, providers, and patients: between a rock and a hard place? Not really

Posted on September 1, 2017 by Alison ReiheldSeptember 7, 2017

The Salt Lake Tribune (from the US State of Utah) posted an article yesterday about a nurse who refused to let a police officer trained in phlebotomy take a blood sample from an unconscious patient. The nurse was arrested and removed from the hospital. This pertains most obviously to issues of patient consent and thus the ethical principle of autonomy (the right to make decisions for oneself concerning one’s own body), and to the 5th Amendment legal right not to incriminate oneself.

These images, taken from an officer’s body camera, show the detention and arrest of the nurse, Alex Wubbels, who refused to let officers take a blood sample from an unconscious patient for evidence in an investigation.

What duties do health care providers have to society, and specifically to law enforcement? And should the duties they have to patients always, or at least presumptively, have normative dominance over duties to third parties?

Jelly form of the product: only for menIt djpaulkom.tv sildenafil online no prescription is well known fact that impotency in male cannot be cured easily. In the cheap levitra professional same concern we can suggest you the alternative that will help you to find out whether the online store is authentic and reliable. The thing is that remedy affects blood circulation and results in erection. sildenafil tab http://djpaulkom.tv/cooking-with-complex-the-k-o-m-announces-upcoming-super-bowl-cooking-special/ It is 100% curable pfizer viagra sales with the help of safer herbal pills. There is an established ethical consensus that providers can have duties to third parties rooted in the harm principle and the vulnerability principle: that it is permissable, for instance, to violate patient confidentiality in order to prevent predictable harm to a third party, and that this is strengthened–perhaps even moves from permissible to obligatory–when that third party is vulnerable or dependent in some way. We see this in the famous Tarasoff case and also in requirements that health care providers be mandatory reporters of suspected child abuse, elder abuse, or other forms of abuse.

But those conditions don’t seem to be met in the case of police seeking to collect blood samples as evidence without a warrant. The nurse, Alex Wubbels, fell back on hospital policy and the law in stating that a warrant would be required in order for the office to be allowed to draw blood from the unconscious patient. At least on preliminary reflection, the kinds of established reasons that give providers ethical duties–not just legal ones–to cooperate with law enforcement against patient interests simply don’t seem to be in play here. Indeed, in the case of Alex Wubbels’ patient, the most vulnerable party here seems to be the patient rather than some at-risk third party.

Not performing procedures without the patient’s consent is, like confidentiality, a lynchpin of modern American medical ethics. It is rooted in respect for patients and their autonomy. And while there are many cases in which law enforcement has sought the assistance of providers in searching suspects’ bodies–including cavity searches such as vagina or rectum–providers are arguably within their legal rights to refuse without a warrant. What’s more, they are almost certainly morally obligated to refuse to participate in and perhaps even obstruct treatment of patients which violates core principles of medical ethics such as autonomy, at least when there is no obvious contravening principle in play as there is when it comes to confidentiality and the principles of harm and vulnerability. While it might appear that providers are between a rock and a hard place when it comes to patients and police, the ethics are clearer than they might at first seem.

Bioethics, Family, and Summer School: Part 5 – should care be centered on the person or the family?

Posted on August 29, 2017 by Ben KenoferAugust 29, 2017

An image of one of Groningen’s many canals in the evening light. The exterior lights on buildings and cars in the distance are visible in the dim natural light. In the foreground, the still surface of the canal reflects the buildings and the houseboats that are moored on its edges.

During today’s session, we had the opportunity to work with case studies to think through the differences between person-centered care (PCC) and family-centered care (FCC). FCC conceptualizes a person and their health care practitioner as co-designers of the care that person will receive. Rather than just acquiesce to or reject treatment plans that are explained to them by a health care provider, the individual participates in shared decision-making that thoroughly considers their life-situation, experience, preferences and values. FCC shares these goals, but instead conceives of the family as co-decision maker, co-designer of the care plan, and ultimately as patient for the health care practitioners. This is because FCC draws upon the idea from family ethics that an individual’s well-being and their familial well-being are intertwined. So the physician needs to be focused on the good of the family to which an individual with a specific health concern belongs, since that good cannot be cleanly separated from the good of the patient.

Tell your doctor for foods helpful to enhance the quality of an erection * Boosting self confidence attributes to increase the blood flow into genital organs. online viagra prescriptions The Cause of Gout is generic viagra sample the onset of schizophrenia, and these are critical years in a young adult’s social and vocational development. A report of UK newspaper has documented that its efficacy is 80% high comparatively to any other substance http://raindogscine.com/documental-caddies-finalizando-postproduccion/ viagra 25 mg pill in the end. Here, some of the benefits of using this medicine: Kamagra – A World Class Medicine for ED The genuine sildenafil citrate was not affordable, thus, most of the ED patients have got the sildenafil generic viagra with high price. One of the interesting things about considering whether there should be a shift from PCC to FCC, through reference to specific case studies, was learning about differences between the expectations of patients and health care providers in different parts of the world. For example, one of my fellow grad students Leila mentioned how within Lebanon, health care providers already expect to be working with an individual’s family from the beginning of their contact with that individual, rather than viewing the family as an outside obstacle that one hopes won’t come up during the planning of treatment. This different perspective presents health care providers with certain challenges, such as when a patient with more than one spouse (and who belongs to more than one household) has multiple families whose desires clash. I doubt this would even be considered a legitimate dilemma for providing treatment, as something distinct from one specific instance of the general challenge “keep family from getting in the way”, for health practitioners that regard the family as being irrelevant to what they are doing with their treatment.

I’ve never been to an academic event before where I am the only student from the United States, and since several of my fellow grad students have lived in different countries at different points (one place growing up, another for grad school), I have found listening to their perspectives on these matters fascinating. Some of them, such as Leila, have even worked within health care settings. So rather than just hear someone explain how they’ve heard things are done in other countries, I have been able to hear more detailed testimonies from people who have actually participated in these different practices and worked in environments where these different expectations were prevalent.

Some of the global cadre of attendees at the summer school have coffee together and chat outside of class meetings. In the image, we see a woman with pale skin and long hair whose glasses are perched on her head, a man with pal skin and dark hair and beard wearing glasses, and a man with dark skin and hair. They sit together with cups of coffee on the table, each of which has a thin layer of foam on top.

Bioethics, Family, and Summer School: Part 4 – Day 3… family as a verb

Posted on August 27, 2017 by Ben KenoferAugust 27, 2017

Dr. Jackie Leach Scully, philosopher and bioethicist

Whereas yesterday’s blog post focused on small group interaction with my fellow grad students, today’s blog post builds around an idea that came from one of our class wide discussions – in particular, Dr. Jackie Scully’s discussion on “Doing Family”.

The basic idea with thinking about family as a kind of activity is that family is not just something that can be identified in virtue of its having some particular structure, but can be recognized when a group of people display certain actions that mark that group as family (both to themselves and to others). Although already an intriguing idea, one of the points that Dr. Scully made during her talk involved the notion of passing. When there is a lack of social recognition towards how particular families display themselves (e.g., non-nuclear families), such that their displays are not even recognized by others within a society as being displays of family, then certain non-traditional families can be faced with having to try to pass as a more traditional family in order to even be acknowledged as one. This leaves these families with a myriad of challenges that those families not regarded as conventional do not have to face.

Here is a http://unica-web.com/watch/2017/blacksmith.html buying cialis cheap simple explanation of both of drugs that will surely help you to make your life worth living. While buy female viagra is not recommended to people with certain health problems. The sexual cheap online levitra potency gets an up thrust right from the day the man starts to face improper erections when he is making love with their partner. In short, VigRX Plus is rising as panacea (one solution for all problems) for male viagra samples sexual health. The notion of familial passing is a something that really struck me. I have been familiar for a couple of years now with the idea of individuals passing in order to avoid discrimination, such as biracial people passing for white or LGBT individuals passing for heterosexual. Yet although I knew passing is a relational action (someone passes in the eyes of someone else), I had still always thought of passing as just something that the individual members from a social group undertake. It had not occurred to me before to think of social units, such as families, themselves as something that not only can pass, but can be compelled to in various circumstances.

This reflection on how my ideas about passing have expanded is a great example of what I have been enjoying about my time here during the summer school. At different points during my journey as philosophy student, there have been times where I’ve attended a lecture or seminars, and have been left with the thought that “this is an interesting intellectual puzzle, but I’m not sure how to relate this back to my own ideas, experiences or research”. This has not been my experience during the three days I’ve spent here. Whether it’s been because of a light bulb that clicked on because an idea made sense, or a new line of thinking that has been sparked by reflecting on why something didn’t settle right with me, these discussions haven’t just felt like intellectual detours, but have felt like they are helping to provide further orientation for the trajectory of my socio-political thought. It certainly helps to have such a collaborative (as opposed to competitive) and open-minded group of people to be working through these ideas with.

Four of the participants in the bioethics summer school on the family and medicine relax at a venue in Groningen.

Relaxing with bioethics summer school cohort does not rule out beer and sun.

Bioethics, Family, and Summer School: Part 3 – Day 2… why DO families matter?

Posted on August 25, 2017 by Ben KenoferAugust 27, 2017

This image shows a portion of the cover of the book “The Patient in the Family: An Ethics of Medicine and Families”, co-authored by Hilde Lindemann and Jamie Nelson. The main title is in large red type. In a small image within the center of the larger image, we see a woodcut of a man and a woman with a baby.

The sufferer can very easily consume them to reach out the discount viagra usa best level of remedies. A healthy lifestyle, including weight loss, buy viagra quitting smoking, limit of alcohol intake, a healthy diet and exercise can go a long way towards improving and maintaining your health. Your hearing aid may not have a vent or viagra sildenafil canada the vent may be plugged with a small rubbery stopper. cheap pill viagra http://cute-n-tiny.com/tag/hambuger/ Due to huge fame and trust of people, the medicine is easily available at pharmaceutical stores. The graduate students divided into small groups to discuss questions related to Hilde Lindemann’s work on “Why Families Matter”, and the small group discussion has been my favorite activity within the summer school so far. My group of six found a little café near the university to have coffee and discuss our question, “Do families have intrinsic value?” Our group has been trying to get clearer on what family consists in, in order to see more transparently what kind of value it might have. One of the methods our group invoked to think through what family is has been to think about what family is not. We discussed how birth does not seem to be sufficient, since many people do not regard surrogates as family members. Genetics does not seem necessary, since one can enter into family through associations like marriage, and some people consider their closest friends to be part of their families. Living proximity does not seem to be necessary either, since family members can inhabit different households from the start of one’s life (like cousins) or can move away at various points. Our group even wondered whether species membership was necessary for family – this was a point that not everyone agrees on, since some people in our group considered their pets to be family (myself included), whereas other people couldn’t get that sentiment.

Something that has come out of this discussion is not just that people have different conceptions of families depending on cultural beliefs, personal experience, etc., but whether the term “family” is even really covering several variations of one kind of thing. One of our group members, Bryan, proposed that different cultures and people might have different enough conceptions that we are mistaken to think these are even permutations on one core idea. Because of how slippery the concept of family seems to be, we didn’t reach consensus on of our answer to the question on why families are valuable. Rather than feeling like a wasted effort, however, this has definitely felt like a gain on my part. Thinking through the idea with such an interesting group of people has made me much more appreciative of the nuance and complexities involved even within my own conception of what family is.

Bioethics, Family, and Summer School: Part 2 – Day 1 is intellectually thrilling

Posted on August 24, 2017 by Ben KenoferAugust 27, 2017

A lovely building at University of Groningen on a clear blue-sky day, with blooming orange flowers in planter boxes above the arched entryway.

One of the main points that stuck with me today is how exciting it is to be among this group of intellectuals. We began the summer school with all of the graduate student participants (myself included) taking turns introducing our projects and ourselves. The different perspectives that the students alone have brought here intrigue me – and that is not even counting the faculty participants! Represented backgrounds include psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy and nursing. Despite the fact that we have all gathered here to discuss the intersection of family and health care, and even though some of us share the same discipline (such as philosophy), our projects all sounded distinct. In addition to just being interesting, I find this an exciting opportunity for me also, because I haven’t had much chance at having interdisciplinary discussion with graduate level peers before.
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I am also impressed with the emphasis on reflexivity here at the program. For example, even though we have gathered here to discuss “the family”, certain skeptical challenges have already been raised about the notion, with one graduate student questioning whether family ends up just replacing single persons as a kind of atomistic individual. So far, the faculty have welcomed such challenges and the space for dialogue such questions will help create. Indeed, it has been stressed more than once that the faculty participants themselves are not all on the same page when it comes to some of the understandings at play – doctors Marian Verkerk and Hilde Lindemann having a differing conception about how to understand what “family ethics” is being one such example.

Considering that I have found the “intro” day as interesting as I have, I am eager for us to move forward into more specifics and debates about family and health care responsibilities.

Bioethics, Family and Summer School: Part 1 – Introducing Ben Kenofer

Posted on August 23, 2017 by Ben KenoferAugust 23, 2017

Hi there! As Dr. Jamie Nelson mentioned in her introduction post for this summer school liveblog series, my name is Ben Kenofer. I’m a graduate student in philosophy at Michigan State University, going into my fourth year this fall. When Dr. Nelson first brought the possibility of participating in the summer school to my attention, I was excited about the prospect of attending (aside from visiting the Netherlands) because of my interest in feminist care ethics. Although caring practices occur throughout all different sectors within societies and are certainly not limited to the family, our relationships with intimate others have been one locus of caring responsibilities that the care ethics literature has focused on. Because I am going to be taking comprehensive exams later in this fall, I thought the summer school would provide some nice supplementation to the reading list for my comprehensive exams, and that this would happen in a more interactive environment than much of that studying will occur in.

In addition, I taught a course on Ethical Issues in Healthcare last fall, and I am scheduled to teach that course again during the upcoming fall semester. Although the course last year was an overall success, I am looking for ways to improve how I teach the course as I come back for a second round with it. I am hoping that participation in this summer school will be very helpful towards that end, by giving me greater awareness about challenges for delivering and receiving care that stem from the interactions between healthcare and familial social structures.

A person leans over to kiss a child on the cheek. The child is smiling and appears to be strapped into an assistive device. IMAGE CREDIT: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/parents/hospital-stay.aspx

Several of my students in particular last year expressed either interest, questions or concerns about issues such as what parents could be held responsible for when it came to their child’s health or whether children should be allowed to refuse treatment when the parents want to continue treatment. I am hoping that the summer school will help me be more prepared to discuss such challenges or similar ones with my students – even if that consists in just having us appreciate how complicated coming up to answers for these questions can be, through my offering them more perspectives or angles on family-related health issues to consider.
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I hope that you’ll find this blog series to be worth your time, and if you are a fellow graduate student and you like what you end up reading, maybe consider whether this summer school might be worth attending next time it is held.

You can visit the summer school website here.

“And How Did You Spend Your Summer Vacation?” The European Institution of the Summer School and “What About the Family?”

Posted on August 23, 2017 by Jamie NelsonAugust 23, 2017

There are lots of admirable policies and practices prevalent in E.U. members states, and in Europe more broadly; many speak effectively to profound and population wide needs. The “Summer School” is maybe not the most significant way in which the enviable standard of living characteristic of several of the European social democracies is secured, but I have to confess that it is a personal favorite nonetheless. All over Europe, its great universities offer short courses throughout the summer months, many of which provide graduate students based anywhere with opportunities to make accredited progress toward their degrees, while working closely with leading figures working in areas of special interests to the students.

Several years ago I attended a summer school conduced by the University of Aarhus in Denmark, focusing on Sabina Lovibond’s Ethical Formation and lead by Lovibond herself. Populated by graduate students and early career researchers from all over Europe[the organizers were kind enough to stretch a point in my case.], that week in Denmark was, in short, among the most memorable intellectual experiences of my life.

All next week, “What About the Family?”–a summer school concerning the undertheorized bioethical complexities of the many roles that many different kinds of families play in the provision and consumption of healthcare services–will be running in the university town of Groningen, in The Netherlands. I’m very pleased to be among a faculty of twelve philosophers, sociologists, and other academics from The Netherlands, Germany, the UK, Sweden, and Belgium, inter alia, many of whom operate from explicitly feminist premises. I don’t know whether I can promise that our fifteen attendees will go away with the same sense of having had a truly extraordinary experience I had all those years ago in Aarhus, but all of the faculty are aiming at precisely that goal.
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To give you a sense of whether we succeed or not, one of the graduate participants, Ben Kenofer of Michigan State University, will liveblog “What About the Family” all this coming week. Ben, whose own research is concentrated on topics in feminist social and political philosophy, is the first of what we hope will be a regular program of MSU grads spending part of their summer vacations working with leading international academics and networking with European peers, as part of an effort to globalize graduate student experience. We also are planning for further iterations of “What About the Family” in summers to come. Read Ben’s posts and consider joining us next time round.

Ben’s first post introducing himself can be found here.

The Great Opioid Panic….and What It Leaves in Its Wake

Posted on August 18, 2017 by Anna GotlibAugust 18, 2017

Chronic pain — and especially idiopathic chronic pain — is a sentence that too many will have to bear increasingly on their own. That is, without the help of various painkiller, or opioid, medication that makes day-to-day existence possible. And yet in a typically overbroad and crudely legalistic rush to address opiod addiction, undertreatment, or an outright refusal to treat via opioids, leaves suffering as what too many chronic pain patients have to face:

We seem to have come, in a tragic way, full circle. Doctors, in particular, have been open in acknowledging their role in the opioid crisis and are trying to balance appropriate prescribing with a duty to treat pain in an effective and compassionate way. Their challenge today is the mirror image of the balancing act they tried to perform back in the 1990s, when efforts to compensate undertreatment of pain gained momentum and led to overcorrection.

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Everyone is trying to do the right thing, but the system sometimes fails patients who need opioids to manage chronic pain. As physicians negotiate this uneasy terrain, they need more data, less ideology—no matter how well-intentioned—and a case-by-case mentality. Until then, the clinical anecdotes that are accumulating should serve as powerful cautionary tales.

The Zika Virus Vaccine Research Agenda and Pregnant Women

Posted on July 21, 2017 by EditorJuly 21, 2017

EDITOR’S NOTE: This guest post by the Ethics Working Group on ZIKV Research & Pregnancy is cross-posted with the Canadian Bioethics blog Impact Ethics. The Ethics Working Group on ZIKV Research & Pregnancy provides recommendations to ensure that pregnant women are responsibly and equitably included in the ZIKV vaccine research and development agenda. Its 15 expert members include Little, Drapkin, and Lyerly, whose 2008 IJFAB article on the inclusion of pregnant women in research had a significant impact not only in bioethics but also in the mainstream media at the time. The group also includes scholars and physicians from throughout the Americas including Argentian philosopher and bioethicist Florencia Luna whose article on vulnerability in IJFAB, and 2016 keynote at the World Congress of Bioethics on responses to Zika, mark her as notable in this particular area. The working group’s advice is well-informed by feminist bioethics.

This image is a screen cap of the cover for the Working Group’s ethical guidance on priorities, inclusion, and evidence generation. It can be downloaded from http://www.zikapregnancyethics.org/.

Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine development is proceeding rapidly, with a number of vaccine candidates already moving into Phase II clinical trials. These are trials that are designed to look for evidence of efficacy.

As the public health community races to develop ZIKV vaccines, now is a critical time to ensure that research and development (R&D) efforts adequately address the needs of pregnant women and their offspring. To this end, the Ethics Working Group on ZIKV Research & Pregnancy, an interdisciplinary group of international experts in vaccinology, maternal and child health, public health and ethics, has developed Ethics Guidance for including the needs and interests of pregnant women and their offspring in the ZIKV vaccine research and development agenda: Pregnant Women & the Zika Virus Vaccine Research Agenda: Ethics Guidance on Priorities, Inclusion, and Evidence Generation.

This Guidance argues that global concern about the devastating effects of ZIKV infection in pregnancy for normal fetal development, pregnant women and their offspring is not enough. Pregnant women and their babies should also be front and center in ZIKV vaccine development.

Unless specific actions recommended by the Working Group are taken soon, pregnant women and their offspring will not be able to share fairly in the benefits of whichever vaccines prove efficacious. They and their clinicians will lack the evidence they need to make informed decisions about using these vaccines.

Conducting research studies with pregnant women has been historically challenging and ethically complex. The vast majority of clinical trials for all biomedical interventions, including vaccines, have excluded pregnant women from studies. As a consequence, many drugs and biologics enter the market with little to no data on safety and efficacy in pregnancy – and it can take decades to generate this evidence post-authorization. The Working Group’s Guidance provides a pathway for a more proactive and inclusive approach for ZIKV vaccine development.
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The Guidance tackles two critical questions: (1) What specifically is required to ensure that the interests of pregnant women and their offspring are adequately protected and fairly taken into account in the ZIKV vaccine research agenda? (2) Under what conditions is it ethically acceptable, if not required, to include pregnant women in ZIKV efficacy trials?

To address these questions, the Ethics Guidance includes three moral imperatives, each with concrete recommendations directed to policymakers, research funders, researchers, oversight bodies, regulatory authorities and the global public health community: to pursue and prioritize development of ZIKV vaccines that will be acceptable for use during pregnancy; to ensure timely collection of data to inform judgments about safety and efficacy of ZIKV vaccine administration in pregnancy; and to ensure pregnant women have fair access to participate in ZIKV vaccine trials that offer the prospect of direct benefit.

ZIKV vaccines are expected to be a critical part of the response to prevent future ZIKV outbreaks and epidemics. Adequately addressing the specific interests of pregnant women in ZIKV vaccine R&D efforts is not only essential to mitigating the potential harms faced by pregnant women and their offspring, it is also a matter of justice and respect.

Through concerted and proactive efforts, we can ensure that pregnant women are responsibly and equitably included in ZIKV vaccine research and development efforts and that, as a consequence, pregnant women and their offspring will benefit from the global investment in ZIKV vaccines.

The Ethics Working Group on ZIKV Research & Pregnancy is 15-member Working Group comprised of international experts in bioethics, public health, philosophy, pediatrics, obstetrics, maternal-fetal medicine, vaccine research, and maternal immunization tasked with developing concrete ethics guidance for including the needs and interests of pregnant women in the ZIKV vaccine research agenda. Details on the members of the Working Group and a copy of the Guidance and the Executive Summary can be found at: www.zikapregnancyethics.org

You can follow the project on Twitter: @pregnancyethics