Zika, the film
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Courtesy Debora Diniz (University of Brasilia).

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On The Costs of Simplistic Thinking: Reproductive Health Clinics Aren’t Just For Abortions
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The purpose of this post is not to argue against anti-abortion protesters. It is to narrowly and briefly explore what the harms done by principled, committed anti-abortion protesters when they assume that Reproductive Health Clinics, and procedures they perform, are primarily for the purpose of abortion.

Planned Parenthood - defund

This image shows a small subset of the roughly 500 anti-abortion protesters which gathered on August 22, 2015 near the Richmond, VA Planned Parenthood to advocate for the total defunding of the organization. The crowd appears to be almost entirely Caucasian, dressed for hot weather with hats and sunglasses. One man is holding a wooden cross. Many are holding signs. One reads “2,290 babies died here in 2014” while another says “women need love not abortion.” Many read “DEFUND PLANNED PARENTHOOD.” One says “DEFUND EVIL.” IMAGE CREDIT: P. Kevin Morely/Richmond Times-Dispatch

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“New York Just Created a Revolutionary New Family-Leave Policy”

The paid leave program will cover full-time and part-time employees. There will be no exemptions for small businesses. And to take advantage of the program, you only have to have been employed by the company for six months (advocates had been negotiating for four weeks, but six months is still half the time required by FMLA). The program will be funded on an insurance model, in which roughly a dollar a week will be deducted from employee paychecks; there is no employer contribution.

[….]
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What’s more, women and men will be entitled to paid leave. For both straight and same-sex two-parent households, this benefit could have a big impact on family finances and health, according to Dina Bakst, a lawyer and founder of A Better Balance, a legal advocacy group for working families. “It’s possible that parents could stagger their leaves,” she said, “which is crucial because infant care is so unaffordable and inaccessible. It would make a real difference to be able to hold off on putting a baby in day care until they are four or five or six months old, as opposed to four weeks old.”

Read more at New York Magazine. Some (admittedly quick) fact-checking indicates this is not an April Fools’ piece.

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Women: Not Faring So Well on Wikipedia

From The New Yorker, “A Feminist Edit-a-Thon Seeks to Reshape Wikipedia“:

In spite of the site’s ostensibly egalitarian, accessible format, more than ninety per cent of its editors are male, according to a study conducted in 2011 by the Wikimedia Foundation. Less than five per cent of its super-users—people with more than five hundred edits to their names—are women. Many causes have been suggested for this, from Wikipedia’s code-heavy editing interface to its contentious and sometimes hostile user culture. What results, however, is an indisputable failure to consider certain topics that are of particular interest to women. (Note that the entry for the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, a fictional team of martial-artist reptiles, is twice the length of the entry for Toni Morrison, a real-life Nobel Prize-winning author.)

I note in particular that Wikipedia’s “Bioethics” entry barely mentions feminism, and there is no entry for “Feminist Bioethics.” I leave it to you to assess the entries on “Feminist Philosophy” and “Feminist Ethics.”
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Also still very relevant: “Wikipedia’s Hostility to Women” at The Atlantic 

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Gendered Medicalization of Sexual Desire?
A Medical Sociologist Reflects on How “Women’s Viagra” Isn’t Like Viagra at All

The medical humanities have long drawn attention to the way that social power structures and value judgments affect diagnoses and the very disease categories on which those diagnoses are based. Peter Conrad famously discussed medicalization—the process by which a human condition comes to be seen as a medical one—as a form of social control, a facet of medical sociology he revisited in 2008. Indeed, as I have argued, medicalization can not only reinforce but also disrupt social categories.  It should come as no surprise that medications designed to treat sexual dysfunction in men, and now in women, are based on diagnostic categories which are heavily subject to construction by social norms and stereotypes.

Sociologist Alyson Spurgas addresses just this issue over at the SIUE Women’s Studies blog in “We’ve Come A Long Way, Baby? Pink Pills, Blue Pills, and False Equivalences in the Medical Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction.” In this provocative and long-form scholarly blog entry, Dr. Spurgas draws out curiously gendered distinctions between the DSM-V’s diagnostic criteria for men’s and women’s sexual dysfunction.  Spurgas argues that these contribute to the differences between established treatments for men’s sexual  dysfunction and brand new treatments for women’s sexual dysfunction, the former focusing on malfunctions in the body while the latter address the woman’s state of mind and receptivity to her partner’s advances, with problematic implications for women who have experienced sexual trauma or are in unsatisfactory relationships.
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I strongly recommend clicking through to read the article as a whole.  Dr. Spurgas closes with a recommendation:

 In this vein, we ought to remember that sexism and misogyny are still prevalent in a variety of insidious forms—within and outside of clinical medicine and scientific laboratories, and with or without prescription drugs. The medical and scientific climate around sexuality and proposed and prescribed treatments are rather effects of a widespread and willful ignorance of women’s pleasure, and thus they represent a larger social lacuna. This is why it seems so imperative to shift the debate from the drugs themselves to the larger medical, scientific, social, cultural, and political milieux in which gender differences are configured and disseminated—configurations that have real consequences for how people experience their own bodies, other people’s bodies, and their sex lives. If taking a drug will make women feel the desire that they desire to have, and that is satisfying and pleasurable to them, then, by all means, we should have it! But let’s not stuff too many pills down our throats before seriously considering what we want, why we want it, and what we could potentially want for our futures (sexual and otherwise). There are many trajectories to that place of pleasure—if “sexual” pleasure is what we choose to pursue.

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When Does a Plea Become Pathology?
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NOTE: this author uses captions to describe the content of images so that visually impaired persons can have some access to the content of images through their audio readers. Readers with typical visual acuity may find some of the content of captions redundant while others will find it helpful or even necessary.

The February 2016 issue of Journal of Family Practice cover (image below) raises the issue of when a “difficult patient” actually should be diagnosed with a personality disorder. The examples of patient speech that are given on the cover and in the opening image of the article include “I’m not trying to be a difficult patient. (really.) I’m struggling. Can’t you see how hard this is for me?”  This kind of plea is exactly what a normal well balanced patient might offer forth to a doctor who did not seem to be empathizing with them. This is very troubling. Does the framing of this article encourage medicalizing the expression of patient dissatisfaction with care, and the expression of patient suffering as a result of difficult medical circumstances? I will focus on this and, along the way, discuss whether the framing provided by the cover and the graphics undercuts the article itself.

THE FRAMING

The image on the left shows the cover of the February 2016 Journal of Family Practice. Words form the shape of a head in profile, repeating in different sizes in light grey font. Larger words in the center of the head are picked out in bold black and red. They read as described in the first paragraph of this article. The image on the right is the image from the print edition of this issue which accompanies the first page of the article. In large blue text, it reads “Does your patient complain that you don’t understand him ‘the way his other doctor did’? Or does he frequently lose his temper? Perhaps it’s time to consider a personality disorder.”

The framing of the article by editorial decisions about the cover image and the introductory page clearly pick out difficult patients, patients who are insufficiently appreciate of their care, and patients who are emotional as candidates for diagnosis with a personality disorder. Two issues give me great pause with respect to this framing. First, there are longstanding concerns about physician empathy for patients in distress. Second, there is an ongoing conflation of noncompliant patients with “difficult patients.” Both raise serious problems for a compassionate and respectful patient-provider relationship, and both are reinforced in troubling ways by the framing of this article. Continue reading

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Something Happened to Women’s Health in the 20th Century
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I’ve been working recently on the relevance of growing income and wealth inequality for the issues of concern to bioethics. Gopal Sreenivasan pointed out in the Hastings Center Report a few years ago that universal health coverage is no panacea for social inequality in health—for the tendency of the wealthy to live longer and in better health, and the poor to live shorter lives more burdened with health deficits. In fact, using data from the UK’s Black Report (based on the famous Whitehall Study of civil servants), he pointed out that social inequality in health has increased since the implementation of the NHS. While I argue against his policy proposal (that we should address the social determinants of health instead of universal health coverage; see here), I also discussed some of the deep trends that lie in the background of this surprising data. This discussion is a starting point for discussing the normative and political significance of social inequality in health.

The Black Report data is based on male occupational status (British inequality studies have long been plagued by the problem of how to measure the class identity of women). Newly analyzed data from the US tells a troubling story about the gendering of growing social inequality in health.

While the growing inequality in life expectancy for men arises because richer men are getting healthier faster than poorer men are, the growing social inequality in health for women is driven both by the increasing health of the wealthiest women—and by a drop in life expectancy of the poorest third of women. The poorest 10%, born in 1920, could expect to live to 78 or 79; born in 1950, they barely pass 75. The New York Times summarizes the data.

What is happening with women’s health in America? It’s time for feminist bioethics to engage with distributional issues in population health. Continue reading

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The Regulation of Women’s Bodies:
Popular with Governments Everywhere!

Or at least that’s my admittedly glib take-away from this concise and By practising non-anxious behaviour, you reverse the anxious habit which has formed and replace it with a new non-anxious habit. cute-n-tiny.com buy cheap levitra Finally, you can purchase levitra price from Canadian Pharmacy online stores at affordable prices and have them delivered to their doorstep. This relieves the pain caused by the best storefront purchase tadalafil india tight muscles. In a private letter to Coalition colleagues, leaked to the Daily Mail, the Liberal Democrat Business Secretary and his deputy, Edward Davey, insist: ‘Our ability buy levitra professional to make changes is constrained.’ Vince Cable has said the new EU laws will be hard to hire the best for your needs. damning piece by Agomoni Ganguli Mitra at the BMJ Journal of Medical Ethics blog.

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The Zika Outbreak: A Call for Greater International Collaboration
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Global concerns about spread of the Zika virus continue to grow. More than 20 countries in Latin America–especially Brazil–as well as Caribbean locations and several states in the U.S. have reported confirmed or suspected cases. Yet, more remains unknown than known about the consequences of being infected with the virus. Although it is well-established that the virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, it is unclear whether people can become infected through sexual contact with an infected person (one case in which the woman’s male partner had traveled abroad was reported in Texas), or by blood transfusions, even though the virus has been detected in blood, urine, semen, and saliva. The most devastating effect appears to be microcephaly (abnormally small head size) and accompanying brain damage of infants born to mothers infected with the virus, with thousands of cases in Brazil alone. Most recently, the virus has also been associated with eye abnormalities in affected infants. But even in those cases, scientists maintain that a causal connection has not been established. Another possible connection is Guillain-Barré syndrome, a condition that causes weakness and can develop into temporary paralysis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the situation “a public health emergency of international concern.” This places WHO in the position of a global health coordinator in efforts to halt the spread of the disease, and also gives the organization’s decisions the force of international law. Even at this early stage, however, scientific research has been hampered by national laws such as one in Brazil that prohibits the transfer of human biological specimens to other countries. Continue reading

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“Why kids — now more than ever — need to learn philosophy. Yes, philosophy.”

I know this is preaching to the choir, but it’s nice to see this sort of argument appearing in the Washington Post:

Under this model, kids go through a kind of philosophical apprenticeship where they learn by doing. The teacher’s job is to guide and inform student inquiries, helping them pay attention to the quality of their reasoning, and making sure they realize they’re meeting on terms of equality and mutual respect.

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If we fail to turn second-graders into Socrates, our kids may end up becoming expert at making a living, but they will be incompetent at creating a civil society.

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“Why So Many Rich Kids Come to Enjoy the Taste of Healthier Foods”

This article at The Atlantic challenges conventional wisdom that wealthier people eat better because they are better informed. Recent empirical studies suggest that the extra cost of healthful foods being rejected by children influences the economic decisions of poorer parents at the grocery store towards more palatable, less healthful items that they know will at least be eaten. And what one eats as a child has a lasting impact on one’s taste preferences as an adult. A representative excerpt:

The reason that more-educated people have healthier diets may not be because they have more of an appreciation for the importance of a good diet, but because to an extent they’re following their palates. This explanation undoes a basic assumption about healthy eating—that for everyone, a better diet is a matter of overcoming the temptation of salty, sweet, and fatty foods.

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Instead, better-educated people might be being somewhat indulgent and pleasure-seeking when they buy food. They just happen to have a preference for different sorts of foods—foods they might have been exposed to when they were growing up.

(You’ll find links to the studies in the article.)

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Screaming into the Void and Other Annoyances: Public Intellectuals and the Disappearing Public

It is hard, even frustrating, to be a public intellectual these days.  Corey Robin concludes his thoughtful and timely piece about the status, function, and worries of, and about, public intellectuals by stating that

We have the means, we have the material. What we don’t have is mass. We have episodic masses, which effervesce and overflow. But it’s hard to imagine masses that will endure, publics that won’t disappear in the face of state repression or social intransigence but instead will dig in and charge forward. And it is that constraint on the imagination and hence the will that is the biggest obstacle to the public intellectual today. Not tenure, not the death of bohemia, not jargon, but the fear that the publics that don’t yet exist — which are, after all, the only publics we’ve ever had — never will exist.

In part, I share his worries:  It indeed can be difficult to address publics who are only passing through on their way to something more interesting or spectacular, who are indifferent  —  or, indeed, who are outright hostile.  Who are (mostly) not there.

But I also wonder if it was not always thus.  The public to be addressed is not only small, but volatile, changing, often fleeting.  I am not sure at which point there were either ready-made publics, or even those who could be readily created, and maintained  —  indeed, “summoned”  —  by the intellectual’s challenges, claims, and demands.  In other words, I think that a part of being a public intellectual (and I am deliberately leaving the definition of this term as open and as loose as possible) is learning to speak to (nearly) empty rooms, to struggle with audiences who are unreliably engaged, to shout into the void with the full awareness of the Sisyphean nature of one’s labors.

The Botox reduces the size of the gland, thus improving the flow of urine. cialis super viagra It buy cheap cialis donssite.com takes away good time of your sexual session. Erectile dysfunction isn’t just a problem for old age. donssite.com generico levitra on line If you are quietly suffering about your small penis size, weak erection issue, soft viagra premature ejaculation, then VigRx Plus is the best option for you. I am not sure why I am not either surprised or worried by this  —  clearly, Robin is.  Perhaps because my view of what it might mean to be a public intellectual does not at the same time contain a guarantee of being heard, understood, embraced  —  or even noticed.  Perhaps because my worries about public intellectuals have more to do with the infotainment too many people associate with them  —  a kind of fun, tensionless, TED-ish combination of cleverness, gee-whiz-ness, and stand-up comedy (or else, the other side  — the SERIOUS face of REAL ISSUES).

So, what am I saying?  Maybe something like this:  What should be a worry about the status, and the effectiveness, of public intellectuals is not merely that the audiences are evanescent  —  that a public cannot be brought into being  —  but that the ones that are brought into being are flattered, coaxed, and infotained into existence.  But because these foundations resemble cotton candy, they melt with a simple touch.  They do not interfere, nor disturb.  By morning, they are not even a memory.

I do not have any constructive advice to offer regarding what we ought to do if we desire to retain  some meaning and moral significance of public intellectualism.  I am not sure that hoping for an audience that endures will help the cause.  But I think that Robin and I can agree that disorienting, making less comfortable, alienating the publics that do exist is a way to proceed through the uncertain and the murky.  Because, in the end, being an intellectual of any kind demands a kind of a familiarity with the unknown, with the chaotic, and with, yes, a sense of a public-less isolation.  One can’t go on.  One will go on.

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